Commonly Used Drugs in the Management of CHF

Drug

Principal Site of
Action

Initial Dose

Target Dose

Adverse effects

Drug Interactions

Direct Vasodilators

Hydralazine

Arteriolar vasodilator, afterload reduction 10-25 mg tid 75 mg tid headache, palpitations, postural hypotension, nausea, vomiting, increase in heart rate, myocardial ischemia, fluid retention other vasodilators (increase risk of hypotension)
Nitrates

Isosorbide dinitrate
(Isordil)

venous vasodilator, preload reduction 10 mg tid 40 mg tid headache, dizziness, flushing, postural hypotension other vasodilators (increase risk of hypotension)
Ace Inhibitors

Captopril (Capoten)

mixed vasodilators, afterload and preload reduction 6.25-12.5 mg q 8 hr 50 mg q 8 hr hypotension, dizziness, hyperkalemia, cough, increased serum Cr, maculopapular rash, leukopenia, proteinuria K+ sparing diuretics, K+ supplements, lithium, digoxin, aspirin/NSAIDs, other vasodilators
Enalapril (Vasotec) 2.5 mg q 12 hr 10 mg q 12 hr
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) 5 mg q 24 hr 20 mg q 24 hr
Quinapril (Accupril) 5 mg q 12 hr 20 mg q 12 hr
Ramipril (Altace) 1.25-2.5 mg q 12 hr 5-10 mg q 12 hr
Digitalis Glycosides

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Na+/K+ ATPase positive inotropic effect 0.125-0.25 mg qd loading doses vary 0.125-0.5 mg qd cardiac arrhythmias, altered mental status, visual disturbances, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea cholestyramine, antacids, erythromycin, tetracycline, quinidine, verapamil, amiodarone
Thiazides

Hydrochlorothiazide

distal convoluted tubules 12.5 mg q 24 hr as needed hypokalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hypomagnesemia, azotemia, hyperlipoproteinema, hyperglycemia NSAIDs, loop diuretics, lithium
Loop Diuretics

Furosemide (Lasix)

thick ascending limb of Henle, distal convoluted tubules 20-40 mg q 24 hr as needed same as thiazides, with hypocalcemia and deafness thiazides or metolazone, digoxin, NSAIDs, lithium
Bumtanide (Bumex) 0.5-1.0 mg q 12-24 hr as needed
K+ Sparing Diuretics

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

distal convoluted tubule, aldosterone-dependent Na+/K+ exchange sites 25 mg q 24 hr as needed hyperkalemia, gynecomastia ACE inhibitors, K+ supplements, digoxin
Triamterene distal convoluted tubule, Na+/K+/H+ exchange site, non-aldosterone dependent 50 mg q 24 hr as needed hyperkalemia, azotemia ACE inhibitors, K+ supplements
Amiloride 5 mg q 24 hr as needed
Alpha-Beta Blockers

Carvedilol (Coreg)

alpha/beta-adrenergic receptors 3.12 mg bid X 2 weeks 25-50 mg bid as tolerated hypotension, bradycardia, syncope arrhythmia, altered mental status Antidiabetic agent, Ca channel blockers, clonidine, digoxin, cimetidine
Angiotension II Antagonists

Losartan (Cozaar)

angiotensin II receptors 25-50 mg qd 50 mg qd hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, dizziness, ataxia cimetidine, phenobarbitol